Transformers

SISEPUEDE includes a predefined library of transformations that can be customized and combined to create detailed and comprehensize strategies–based on expected outcomes–for reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses at scale.

Transformations are outcomes that can be acheieved through the implementation of one or more policies. For example, mode shifting transportation can be achieved through a number of potential policies, including urban planning, taxes on fuels, reductions of public transportation fares, construction of infrastructure, and more.

Transformations are defined in Transformation classes in python. Collections of transformations are called strategies (link).

Transformers vs. Transformations

SISEPUEDE uses simlar terms to refer to two different components of the framework for modifying

Transformers are pre-defined callable classes in Python that modify a base set of trajectories to reflect a desired outcome. These classes, which include default values, can be called with different functional specifications that are defined in configuration files to allow for flexibility in applying the transformation.

Transformer Conventions

Transformers follow some conventions. Understanding these conventions can help increase readability and interpretation of conventions.

Transformer Codes follow a simple structure

TFR:SUBSEC_CODE:ACTION_DESCRIPTION

Actions are generally defined using the following abbreviations:

• DEC: Decrease

• INC: Increase

• SHIFT: Move from one category to another

For example,

Transformers

Transformers included in SISEPUEDE

transformer_id	transformer	sector	transformer_code	description	description_long	units_description	citations	variables_affected
0	Baseline		TFR:BASE	Baseline transformation, which is applied to raw input data	Description here	The base LURF can be set here and in the baseline config, as well as other adjustments to the baseline.
1	AGRC: Improve rice management	AF	TFR:AGRC:DEC_CH4_RICE	Reduce \(\text{CH}_4\) emissions from rice production by 45% due to improved management and reduced flooding.		Fractional reduction in methane emitted from rice production
2	AGRC: Decrease demand for unhealthy crops	AF	TFR:AGRC:DEC_DEMAND_FOR_UNHEALTHY_CROPS	Reduction in demand for specified crops; the default is sugarcane.		Fractional reduction for specified crops
3	AGRC: Decrease Exports	AF	TFR:AGRC:DEC_EXPORTS	Decrease agricultural exports by 50% (relative to final time period)		Fractional reduction in agricultural exports
4	AGRC: Reduce supply chain losses	AF	TFR:AGRC:DEC_LOSSES_SUPPLY_CHAIN	Reduce waste food waste in the agricultural (crop) supply chain (pre-consumer)		Fractional reduction in food waste in supply chain
5	AGRC: Expand conservation agriculture	AF	TFR:AGRC:INC_CONSERVATION_AGRICULTURE	Decrease soil organic carbon loss in croplands and leave crop residues (reduce fraction removed and burned) Croplands: Increases \(F_{MG}\) for croplands to 1.067 (see V4, Chapter 5, Table 5.5 [2019R] for croplands management factors \(F_{MG}\) under different management regimes–mean of No-Till)		Fraction of crop classes that adopt conservation agriculture (per crop specified)
6	AGRC: Improve crop productivity	AF	TFR:AGRC:INC_PRODUCTIVITY	Increase crop yield factors by 20%		Fractional increase in crop productivity (mass/area)
7	AGRC: Increase residue removal	AF	TFR:AGRC:INC_RESIDUE_REMOVAL	Unlike conservation agriculture, remove residues from croplands. However, does not coincide with no till agriciulture.		Fractional of residues removed from crop fields (can conflict with conservation agriculture)
8	FRST: Increase Sequestration	AF	TFR:FRST:INCREASE_SEQUESTRATION	Increase annual sequestration in forests		Fractional increase in sequestration. Negative numbers can be used to reduce it.
9	LNDU: Bound Classes	AF	TFR:LNDU:BOUND_CLASSES	Land use classes are estimated using a transition matrix and ajdusted using a quadratic program. This transformation can be used to set upper and lower bounds on transitionable land use classes. This transformation can be used to represent the addition of protected areas through the use of a minimum bound OR the prevention of additional growth through the maxium bound.		Areas of land to bound by class (in variable “Maximum Area” and “Minimum Area” units)
10	LNDU: Stop deforestation	AF	TFR:LNDU:DEC_DEFORESTATION	Halt deforestation of primary and secondary forests		Target transition probability for forest classes remaining that class (closer to 1 means less loss)
11	LNDU: Decrease loss of land use classes	AF	TFR:LNDU:DEC_CLASS_LOSS	Halt loss of a specified land use class; similarly to DEC_DEFORESTATION, it increases the probability of a class transitioning into itself. The DEC_DEFORESTATION transformer, however, prevents multiple classes from transitioning out.		Target transition probability for land use class remaining that class (closer to 1 means less loss)
12	LNDU: Expand sustainable grazing practices	AF	TFR:LNDU:DEC_SOC_LOSS_PASTURES	Decrease soil organic carbon loss in grasslands through sustainable grazing practices Grasslands: Increase \(F_{MG}\) for grasslands to 1.157 (see V4, Chapter 6, Table 6.2 [2019R] for grasslands management factors \(F_{MG}\) under different management regimes–mean of Improved Grassland)		Fractions of pastures use sustainable grazing
13	LNDU: Rehabilitate degraded land	AF	TFR:LNDU:INC_LAND_REHABILITIATION	Missing		Fraction of specified land use classes (e.g., grasslands) with rehabilitiation, minimizing SOC loss
14	LNDU: Increase Reforestation	AF	TFR:LNDU:INC_REFORESTATION	Increases probability of input land use classes being converted to secondary forests. This transformation can be defined for specific land use classes–e.g., converting only shrublands and croplands to		Target fractional increase in forest area
15	LNDU: Expand silvopasture	AF	TFR:LNDU:INC_SILVOPASTURE	Increase the use of silvopasture by increaasing the average sequestration factor associated with pastures. This transformer models silvopasture as a fraction of pastures with planted forests. Since the magnitude is a fraction of area, the average sequestration factor is estimated as m*f, where m is the magnitude (prevalence) and f is the secondary forest sequestration factor.		Fraction of pasture under silvopasture. Applies secondary forest carbon sequestration factors to silvopasture area.
16	LNDU: Partial land use reallocation	AF	TFR:LNDU:PLUR	Set land use reallocation factor to 0.5		Reallocation factor, which ranges from 0 to 1, represents the responsiveness of land use to external agriculture demands (crops and livestock). A value of 1 is completely responsive (total market power) which a value of 0 is completely unresponsive (e.g., centrally planned land use).
17	LSMM: Increase biogas capture at anaerobic decomposition facilities	AF	TFR:LSMM:INC_CAPTURE_BIOGAS	Increase the fraction of biogas that is captured at manure treated at anaerobic livestock manure treatment facilities		Target minimum fraction of biogas that is captured from manure management facilities with anaerobic decomposition (including lagoons)
18	LSMM: Improve manure management for cattle and pigs	AF	TFR:LSMM:INC_MANAGEMENT_CATTLE_PIGS	95% of manure from cattle (dairy and non-dairy) and pigs is treated. Under default conditions, the manure treated is sent to the following pathways: 37.5% to Anaerobic Digestion 12.5% to Composting 25.0% to Daily Spread 12.5% to Deep Bedding 12.5% to Solid Storage		Fractions of cattle and pig manure managed by each LSMM management pathway. Can specify any target pathway.
19	LSMM: Improve manure management for other animals	AF	TFR:LSMM:INC_MANAGEMENT_OTHER	95% of manure from all other animals is treated. The manure treated is sent to the following pathways: 37.5.% to Composting 12.5% to Dry Lot 25.0% to Daily Spread 25.0% to Solid Storage		Fractions of non cattle, pig, or poultry manure managed by each LSMM management pathway. Can specify any target pathway.
20	LSMM: Improve manure management for poultry	AF	TFR:LSMM:INC_MANAGEMENT_POULTRY	95% of manure from poultry (chickens) and pigs is treated. The manure treated is sent to the following pathways: 100% to Poultry Management		Fractions of poultry manure managed by each LSMM management pathway. Can specify any target pathway.
21	LVST: Reduce enteric fermentation	AF	TFR:LVST:DEC_ENTERIC_FERMENTATION	Reduce enteric fermentation		Fractional reduction in enteric fermentation across all classes
22	LVST: Decrease exports	AF	TFR:LVST:DEC_EXPORTS	Decrease exports of livestock and livestock products by 50% (relative to final time period)		Fractional reduction in livestock exports
23	LVST: Increase livestock productivity	AF	TFR:LVST:INC_PRODUCTIVITY	Increase inferred livestock carrying capacity by 20%		Fractional increase in livestock productivity
24	SOIL: Improve lime application	AF	TFR:SOIL:DEC_LIME_APPLIED	Decrease lime applied to soils (default 5%)		Fractional decrease in lime applied to soils
25	SOIL: Improve fertilizer application	AF	TFR:SOIL:DEC_N_APPLIED	Decrease total nitrogen applied through more precise fertilizer use (default 5%)		Fractional decrease in fertilizer N applied to soils
26	TRWW: Increase biogas capture	CE	TFR:TRWW:INC_CAPTURE_BIOGAS	Missing		Minimum target fraction of anaerobic wastewater treatment facilties with biogas capture.
27	TRWW: Increase septic compliance	CE	TFR:TRWW:INC_COMPLIANCE_SEPTIC	Missing		Minimum target fraction of septic tanks under full compliance.
28	WALI: Improved industrial wastewater treatment	CE	TFR:WALI:INC_TREATMENT_INDUSTRIAL	Missing		Target minimal fractional mix of wastewater treatment pathways at industrial facilities. Can specify any target pathway.
29	WALI: Improved rural wastewater treatment	CE	TFR:WALI:INC_TREATMENT_RURAL	Missing		Target minimal fractional mix of wastewater treatment pathways in rural areas. Can specify any target pathway.
30	WALI: Improved urban wastewater treatment	CE	TFR:WALI:INC_TREATMENT_URBAN	Missing		Target minimal fractional mix of wastewater treatment pathways in urban areas. Can specify any target pathway.
31	WASO: Consumer food waste reduction	CE	TFR:WASO:DEC_CONSUMER_FOOD_WASTE	Reduce the amount of food waste generated per capita		Fractional reduction in per capita food waste generated relative to final time period
32	WASO: Increase composting and biogas	CE	TFR:WASO:INC_ANAEROBIC_AND_COMPOST	Increase the fraction of yard, food, and sludge waste that is treated by anaerobic digesters or compost		Fractional targets of organic waste treated via composting and anaerobic digesters. Can specify different fractions.
33	WASO: Increase biogas capture	CE	TFR:WASO:INC_CAPTURE_BIOGAS	Increase fraction of biogas captured from landfills and anaerobic digesters		Minimum target fraction of anaerobic solid waste disposal facilties (landfills and digesters) with biogas capture.
34	WASO: Biogas for energy production	CE	TFR:WASO:INC_ENERGY_FROM_BIOGAS	Increase the fraction of biogas that is collected that is used for energy		Target minmum fraction of captured biogas that is used for energy production.
35	WASO: Incineration for energy production	CE	TFR:WASO:INC_ENERGY_FROM_INCINERATION	Missing		Target minmum fraction of waste that is incinerated for energy.
36	WASO: Increase landfilling	CE	TFR:WASO:INC_LANDFILLING	Increase fraction of waste that is otherwise untreated (i.e., post recycling, composting, etc.) that is sent to landfills		Target fraction of waste that is not otherwise recycled (including composting for organics) that is sent to landfills.
37	WASO: Increase recycling	CE	TFR:WASO:INC_RECYCLING	Missing		Target fraction of waste that is recycled (organic and yard waste are composted).
38	CCSQ: Increase direct air capture	EN	TFR:CCSQ:INC_CAPTURE	Increase Direct Air Capture deployment to 50 MT CO2e by final time period.		Exogenous specification of installed capacity of direct air capture facilities in variable units.
39	ENFU: Adjust Exports	EN	TFR:ENFU:ADJ_EXPORTS	Increase OR Decrease exports of fuels		Fractional increase (+) or decrease (-) in exports relative to final time period.
40	ENFU: Adjust Prices	EN	TFR:ENFU:ADJ_PRICES	Increase OR Decrease fuel prices		Fractional increase (+) or decrease (-) in prices relative to final time period.
41	ENTC: Reduce transmission losses	EN	TFR:ENTC:DEC_LOSSES	Decrease transmission losses by upgrading electrical transmission infrastructure.		Target maximum fraction of electricity transmitted that is lost through inefficient or insufficient electricity infrastructure.
42	ENTC: Least cost solution	EN	TFR:ENTC:LEAST_COST_SOLUTION	Missing		Implement the least cost NEMO solution without renewable targets.
43	ENTC: Clean hydrogen	EN	TFR:ENTC:TARGET_CLEAN_HYDROGEN	Set a target for clean hydrogen production.		Fraction of hydrogen coming from electrolysis.
44	ENTC: 95% of electricity is generated by renewables in final time period	EN	TFR:ENTC:TARGET_RENEWABLE_ELEC	Set a target for renewable electricity. Includes minimum targets for specific renewable energy technologies.		Implement a target production share from renewables (renewable technologies are specified in input file). Additinoally, can implement minimum shares from specific technology.
45	FGTV: Minimize leaks	EN	TFR:FGTV:DEC_LEAKS	Missing		Fractional reduction in CO2, CH4, and N2O leaks from fugitive emissions.
46	FGTV: Maximize flaring	EN	TFR:FGTV:INC_FLARE	Missing		Fraction of otherwise vented gas that is flared instead.
47	INEN: Maximize industrial energy efficiency	EN	TFR:INEN:INC_EFFICIENCY_ENERGY	Missing		Fractional improvement in average industrial technology efficiency.
48	INEN: Maximize industrial production efficiency	EN	TFR:INEN:INC_EFFICIENCY_PRODUCTION	Missing		Fractional improvement in production (e.g., kj/tonne) efficiency.
49	INEN: Fuel switch high- and low-temp thermal processes	EN	TFR:INEN:SHIFT_FUEL_HEAT	Transformations for both (and/or) low and high-heat should be implemented using this transformer.		This transformation can be specified to shift 90% of both low (to electricity) and high (depending on industry) heat (to electricity and hydrogen).
50	SCOE: Reduce end-use demand for heat energy by improving building shell	EN	TFR:SCOE:DEC_DEMAND_HEAT	Missing		Fractional change in heat demand in buildings.
51	SCOE: Increase appliance efficiency	EN	TFR:SCOE:INC_EFFICIENCY_APPLIANCE	Missing		Fractional increase in the efficiency of electrical appliances in buildings (residential and commercial/municipal).
52	SCOE: Increase heat efficiency	EN	TFR:SCOE:INC_EFFICIENCY_HEAT	Missing		Fractional increase in the efficiency of heat delivery technologies in buildings (residential and commercial/municipal). Non-electric efficiencies are capped at 1.
53	SCOE: Switch to electricity for heat using heat pumps, electric stoves, etc.	EN	TFR:SCOE:SHIFT_FUEL_HEAT	Missing		Fraction of heat energy switched to electricity.
54	TRDE: Reduce demand for transport	EN	TFR:TRDE:DEC_DEMAND	Missing		Fractional reduction in aggregate transportation demand by TRDE demand type (e.g., public_private, regional, or freight)
55	TRNS: Increase electric transportation energy efficiency	EN	TFR:TRNS:INC_EFFICIENCY_ELECTRIC	Missing		Fractional increase in electric vehicle efficiency against the final time period.
56	TRNS: Increase non-electric transportation energy efficiency	EN	TFR:TRNS:INC_EFFICIENCY_NON_ELECTRIC	Missing		Fractional increase in non-electric vehicle efficiency against the final time period
57	TRNS: Increase occupancy for private vehicles	EN	TFR:TRNS:INC_OCCUPANCY_LIGHT_DUTY	Missing		Fractional increase in the average occupancy rate of private vehicles.
58	TRNS: Electrify light duty road transport	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_FUEL_LIGHT_DUTY	Missing		Minimum target fraction of light duty vehicles fueled by electricity. Can be used to explore other fuel shifts through a dictionary.
59	TRNS: Fuel switch maritime	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_FUEL_MARITIME	Missing		Minimum target fraction of maritime transportation fueled by hydrogen. Can be used to explore other fuels, such as ammonia, through a dictionary.
60	TRNS: Fuel switch medium duty road transport	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_FUEL_MEDIUM_DUTY	Missing		Minimum target fraction of medium duty transportation fueled by electricity. Can be used to explore other fuel shifts through a dictionary.
61	TRNS: Electrify rail	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_FUEL_RAIL	Missing		Minimum target fraction of rail fueled by electricity. Can be used to explore other fuel shifts through a dictionary.
62	TRNS: Mode shift freight	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_MODE_FREIGHT	Missing		Fraction of freight demand shifted from aviation and road transport to rail. Additional mode shifts can be explored through a dictionary.
63	TRNS: Mode shift passenger vehicles to others	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_MODE_PASSENGER	Missing		Fraction of passenger demand shifted from light-duty road PKMT to other forms (default is human powered and light-weight mobility). Additional mode shifts can be explored through a dictionary.
64	TRNS: Mode shift regional passenger travel	EN	TFR:TRNS:SHIFT_MODE_REGIONAL	Missing		Fraction of regional passenger demand shifted from light-duty road and aviation PKMT to heavy-duty road.
65	IPPU: Reduce cement clinker	IP	TFR:IPPU:DEC_CLINKER	Reduces use of clinker in cement production		Fractional reduction in clinker use in cement production.
66	IPPU: Demand management	IP	TFR:IPPU:DEC_DEMAND	Missing		Fractional reduction in production demand. NOTE: This transformer is not commonly used.
67	IPPU: Reduce use of HFCs	IP	TFR:IPPU:DEC_HFCS	Missing		Fractional reduction in HFC emission factors per production quantity.
68	IPPU: Reduce Nitrous Oxide emissions	IP	TFR:IPPU:DEC_N2O	Missing		Fractional reduction in N2O emission factors per production quantity.
69	IPPU: Reduce other fluorinated compounds	IP	TFR:IPPU:DEC_OTHER_FCS	Includes SF6, NF3, HCFCs, and others		Fractional reduction in other FCs emission factors per production quantity.
70	IPPU: Reduce use of PFCs	IP	TFR:IPPU:DEC_PFCS	Missing		Fractional reduction in PFC emission factors per production quantity.
71	PFLO: Change diets	IP	TFR:PFLO:INC_HEALTHIER_DIETS	Includes a reduction in the demand for red meat and allows for changes to different crop demands.		Fractional target maximum fraction of per-capita demand for red meat (cattle).
72	PFLO: Industrial carbon capture and sequestration	CROSS	TFR:PFLO:INC_IND_CCS	Implements carbon capture at industrial facilities, affecting both INEN and IPPU emissions. Specify a minimum target fraction of industrial facilities using carbon capture (prevalence) and target effectiveness of carbon capture at those faciltiies.		Minimum target fraction of industrial facilities using carbon capture (prevalence) and target effectiveness of carbon capture at those faciltiies.

Transformer Docstrings

Note that parameters shown in the docstrings below are keyword arguments. In general, the user should not set a value for the strat keyword argument.

magnitude_type

• baseline_additive: add the magnitude to the baseline

• baseline_scalar: multiply baseline value by magnitude

• baseline_scalar_diff_reduction: reduce the difference between

  the value in the baseline time period and the upper bound (NOTE: requires specification of bounds to work) by magnitude

• final_value: magnitude is the final value for the variable to

  take (achieved in accordance with vec_ramp)

• final_value_ceiling: magnitude is the lesser of (a) the existing

  final value for the variable to take (achieved in accordance with vec_ramp) or (b) the existing specified final value, whichever is smaller

• final_value_floor: magnitude is the greater of (a) the existing

  final value for the variable to take (achieved in accordance with vec_ramp) or (b) the existing specified final value, whichever is greater

• transfer_value: transfer value from categories to other

  categories. Must specify “categories_source” & “categories_target” in dict_modvar_specs. See description below in OPTIONAL for information on specifying this.

• transfer_scalar_value: transfer value from categories to other

  categories based on a scalar. Must specify “categories_source” & “categories_target” in dict_modvar_specs. See description below in OPTIONAL for information on specifying this.

• transfer_value_to_acheieve_magnitude: transfer value from

  categories to other categories to acheive a target magnitude. Must specify “categories_source” & “categories_target” in dict_modvar_specs. See description below in OPTIONAL for information on specifying this.

• vector_specification: simply enter a vector to use for region

vec_implementation_ramp

The implementation ramp vector is a vector that defines the fractional implementation of a policy over time periods.

• n_tp_ramp: Number of time periods it takes for the intervention to reach full effect. If not specified

• tp_0_ramp: Final time period with 0 change from baseline

• a: sigmoid magnitude parameter; set to 0 for linear, 1 for full sigmoid

• b: linear coefficient; set to 2 for linear (div by 2) or 0 for sigmoid

• c: denominator exponee–in linear, set to 1 (adds term 1 + 1 to denominator); for sigmoid, set to np.e

• d (optional): centroid for sigmoid/linear function. If using a sigmoid, this is the position of 0.5 in years \(\geq r_0\)

Linear vector set a = 0, b = 2, c = 1, d = r_0 + (n - r_0 - r_1)/2

Sigmoid: set a = 1, b = 0, c = math.e, d = r_0 + (n - r_0 - r_1)/2